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  • ISSN 1674-8301
  • CN 32-1810/R
Volume 38 Issue 1
Jan.  2024
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Alexey N. Inyushkin, Vitalii S. Poletaev, Elena M. Inyushkina, Igor S. Kalberdin, Andrey A. Inyushkin. Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review[J]. The Journal of Biomedical Research, 2024, 38(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.7555/JBR.37.20230133
Citation: Alexey N. Inyushkin, Vitalii S. Poletaev, Elena M. Inyushkina, Igor S. Kalberdin, Andrey A. Inyushkin. Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review[J]. The Journal of Biomedical Research, 2024, 38(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.7555/JBR.37.20230133
shu

Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review

  • Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, Samara 443011, Russia

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  • Corresponding author:

    Alexey N. Inyushkin, Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, 1 Acad. Pavlova Str., Samara 443011, Russia. E-mail: ainyushkin@mail.ru

  • Received Date: June 03, 2023
  • Revised Date: September 18, 2023
  • Accepted Date: September 24, 2023
  • Available Online: September 27, 2023
  • Published Date: December 27, 2023
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract

  • In mammals, the timing of physiological, biochemical and behavioral processes over a 24-h period is controlled by circadian rhythms. To entrain the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to a precise 24-h rhythm, environmental zeitgebers are used by the circadian system. This is done primarily by signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract, but other cues like exercise, feeding, temperature, anxiety, and social events have also been shown to act as non-photic zeitgebers. The recently identified myokine irisin is proposed to serve as an entraining non-photic signal of exercise. Irisin is a product of cleavage and modification from its precursor membrane fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in response to exercise. Apart from well-known peripheral effects, such as inducing the "browning" of white adipocytes, irisin can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and display the effects on the brain. Experimental data suggest that FNDC5/irisin mediates the positive effects of physical activity on brain functions. In several brain areas, irisin induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In the master clock, a significant role in gating photic stimuli in the retinohypothalamic synapse for BDNF is suggested. However, the brain receptor for irisin remains unknown. In the current review, the interactions of physical activity and the irisin/BDNF axis with the circadian system are reconceptualized.

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  • Dear Editor,

    Treating psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is always difficult. Systemic treatments can be administered either orally or through intramuscular and intra-articular injection, including conventional synthetics, biologics and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[1]. The alternatives, topical external therapies, are not effective on joint lesions due to drug permeability issues. Drugs injected into the articular cavity are also unsuitable for small peripheral joint lesions, the most common manifestations of PsA. The limited treatment options for PsA present a challenge.

    This is a case of a 26-year-old woman with a six-year history of psoriasis vulgaris, who had been suffering from co-morbid PsA for four years. The case presented at our clinic six months ago with PsA in multiple interphalangeal joints. The skin lesions were distributed on her hands, elbows and knees, which were light red, raised from the surface and covered with fine scales, accounting for about 25% of the upper limbs and 8% of the lower limbs. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was 2.4. On her nails, the main manifestations were pitting, onycholysis and splinter hemorrhages. The baseline Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) was 32. The scalp appeared unaffected. Laboratory investigations revealed negative results for rheumatoid factor and human leucocyte antigen B27.

    Previous topical steroid treatments combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and methotrexate had all failed to improve symptoms. The therapy with etanercept improved skin and joint lesions initially, but was not tolerated thereafter due to leukocytopenia. The case was administered tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, at 5 mg, twice daily two years ago. This therapy improved skin symptoms and joint pain, but the joint redness and swelling lasted. The dose was reduced to 5 mg once daily a year ago due to concerns about potential infections. Consequent tofacitinib treatments stabilized joint symptoms with mild pain, but visible redness, swelling and malformation continued.

    The patient was very concerned about the side effects of systemic medication, and her arthritis was mostly confined to a few small joints. The locally injected antibody may be more effective to the target site through direct diffusion or interstitial fluid movement, thus reducing costs and systemic side effects[2]. After full communication with the patient, we finally decided to combine local injections in the treatment.

    After receiving the written informed consent from the patient, we began the treatment with low-dose ixekizumab (an IL-17 blockade) administered subcutaneously near the joint lesions to supplement the existing treatment, i.e., daily tofacitinib at a dose of 5 mg. The back of her left hand (Fig. 1A) received a subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL diluted ixekizumab (8 mg/mL) every two weeks. Ixekizumab (80 mg/mL) was diluted with sterile water to 8 mg/mL in the pharmacy intravenous admixture service, and stored at 4 ℃.

    Figure  1.  Before and after the combination therapy
    A: Subcutaneous injection administration (red asterisk) on the dorsum of the left hand of a peripheral psoriatic arthritis patient. B: Improvement in both the joint symptoms and skin lesions of the forefinger, middle finger and ring finger at week two. C: Hydrops articuli (red arrow, 0.104 cm) of proximal interphalangeal joint of left forefinger at baseline. D: Lessened hydrops articuli (red arrow, 0.056 cm) of proximal interphalangeal joint of forefinger at week eight.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Two weeks after the treatment, both joint symptoms and skin lesions on the fingers of her left hand had improved (Fig. 1B). By week eight, the redness and swelling on proximal interphalangeal joints of her forefinger, middle finger and ring finger had substantially improved. The hydrops articuli of proximal interphalangeal joints on her left hand had markedly reduced after the eight-week treatment (Fig. 1C and 1D). However, the hydrops articuli on her right fingers had not ameliorated. The only adverse event was transient but bearable pain, while injecting interventions. The patient reported a continued improvement in joint symptoms in her left hand at week 12.

    The score of the visual analogue scale for the third and fourth left fingers decreased from three and two, respectively, to one and zero over the observation period. However, joint pain in her right hand was not ameliorated. The skin lesions of her left hand had improved; however, the lesions of other parts of the body remained the same and an overall PASI score stayed at 2.4. Her onycholysis and splinter hemorrhages had significantly improved, while nail pitting had not. The NAPSI score was 19 at week 12. The patient remains under a long-term monitoring.

    Previously, we successfully used intramatrical injections with low-doses of secukinumab to treat nail psoriasis[3–4] and local low-dose ixekizumab to treat palmoplantar pustular psoriasis[5], which suggested the feasibility and efficacy of local low-dose biologics injection. The current case study also suggested that combining juxtra-articular low-dose ixekizumab injection with oral tofacitinib could benefit those with peripheral psoriatic arthritis. The subcutaneous injections administered near joints could well be absorbed by peripheral joint lesions, and just subcutaneous injections of ixekizumab, at a dilution of one-one hundredth of the systemic dose, could have a therapeutic effect. Evidence from this case suggests that subcutaneous injections near joint lesions may also benefit those with other forms of inflammatory arthritis.

    As this was a case study, it is hard for us to compare the efficacy of systematic treatments, but the initial evidence was that local injections in combination with oral tofacitinib had a satisfactory effect in a relatively short period of time. For this patient, who had experienced clear systemic side effects and a limited improvement after several initial treatments, the targeted localized use of therapeutic antibodies was more acceptable and effective. Therefore, this report provides an initial evidence for further randomized controlled trials. However, protocols must intercalate quantitative assessments of chronic inflammation by monitoring changes in the spleen volume[6]. The long-term, large-scale studies warrant in the future.

    Special thanks to our patient who agreed to participate and for consenting to publish this report. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82073439).

    Yours Sincerely,Ruiyuan Xia1,△, Weixin Zhang2,△, Jing Hang2,✉, Zhiqiang Yin1,✉ 1Department of Dermatology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029,China;2Department of Ultrasound,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029,China.△These authors contributed equally to this work.✉Corresponding authors: Zhiqiang Yin and Jing Hang. E-mails: yinzhiqiang@njmu.edu.cn (Yin) and hangjing@jsph.org.cn (Hang).

    None.

    The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 23-25-00152).

    CLC number: R741, Document code: A

    The authors reported no conflict of interests.

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