Gold nanorods as biocompatible nano-agents for the enhanced photothermal therapy in skin disorders

Rod-shaped gold nanomaterials, known as gold nanorods (GNRs), may undergo specific surface alterations, because of their straightforward surface chemistry. This feature makes them appropriate for use as functional and biocompatible nano-formulations. By optimizing the absorption of longitudinally localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the near-infrared (NIR) region, which corresponds to the NIR bio-tissue window, GNRs with appropriate modifications may improve the results of photothermal treatment (PTT). In dermatology, potential noninvasive uses of GNRs to enhance wound healing, manage infections, combat cutaneous malignancies, and remodel skin tissues via PTT have attracted research attention in recent years. In this review, the basic properties of GNRs, such as shape, size, optical performance, photothermal efficiency, and metabolism, are discussed firstly. Then, the disadvantages of using these particles in photodynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed. Next, biological applications of GNRs-based PTT are summarized in detail. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of this research are summarized, providing a comprehensive outlook for prospective GNRs with PTT.